These decisions appear to be a very strong rebuke of “discretionary” permitting schemes. More significantly, the opinion as authored by Justice Thomas appears to establishes clear judicial tests for gun control laws in general – that is a first and it makes this a much more binding (expansive) opinion than MacDonald. This will be a much more difficult opinion for states like NY, NJ, CA, MA, CT, and HI to ignore. This opinion should upend their laws.